Nanoparticles in reproductive medicine (IVF), teratology, skeletal biology and morphometrics, and medical education research.

Dr. Nirmala Palayathan is an accomplished medical anatomist, educator, and academic leader with over 15 years of experience in teaching and curriculum development in medical sciences. She holds a Ph.D. in In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) from Saveetha University, a Master’s degree in Medical Anatomy from SRM University, and a Bachelor’s degree in Physiotherapy from Dr. M.G.R. Medical University. Currently serving as Senior Lecturer in Anatomy and Director of MD Year 2 and Year 3 Programmes at Perdana University, she also holds key leadership roles in examination coordination, curriculum development, and academic governance. Dr. Nirmala has previously served as Head of the Department of Anatomy at MAHSA University and has contributed extensively to undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, including MBBS, MD (USMLE-based curriculum), and Master of Medical Science programmes. She has played a significant role in MQA accreditation processes, curriculum mapping, and outcome-based education implementation. Her research interests focus on nanoparticles in reproductive medicine, particularly selenium nanoparticles in IVF and embryology, as well as medical education and skeletal research. An active researcher with numerous peer-reviewed publications, she is also a dedicated mentor and research supervisor for postgraduate students. In addition, she contributes to Aesthetic Medicine training through advanced anatomical workshops such as “Anatomy for Injectors,” bridging clinical anatomy with practical applications. Dr. Nirmala remains committed to academic excellence, innovation in anatomy education, interdisciplinary research, and continuous professional development. Reference: Clinical Anatomy of Sympathectomy: Surgical Implications and Anatomical Considerations. Sympathectomy, the surgical interruption or resection of sympathetic nerves, has a wide range of clinical applications, particularly in the management of hyperhidrosis, vascular insufficiencies, and certain pain syndromes. Understanding the clinical anatomy of the sympathetic nervous system is critical to optimizing outcomes, minimizing complications, and enhancing patient safety during sympathectomy procedures. This abstract provides a comprehensive overview of the anatomical considerations pertinent to sympathectomy, including the pathways of sympathetic nerves, key anatomical landmarks, and variations in sympathetic nerve distribution. It emphasizes the importance of precise anatomical knowledge to avoid inadvertent damage to adjacent structures, such as the lung, diaphragm, and sympathetic ganglia, which may lead to post-surgical complications like Horner’s syndrome, compensatory sweating, or pneumothorax. Furthermore, the abstract explores the evolving techniques of sympathectomy, including endoscopic and robotic approaches, and their impact on surgical precision. Advances in imaging and intraoperative neuromonitoring are highlighted as tools that aid in enhancing anatomical visualization and reducing operative risks. The relevance of clinical anatomy in sympathectomy is underscored, with a focus on patient-specific anatomical variation and how preoperative planning and intraoperative adaptability can improve outcomes. A thorough understanding of the sympathetic nervous system’s clinical anatomy is fundamental to the success of sympathectomy, ensuring both effective therapeutic results and the prevention of undesirable sequelae. Keywords: sympathectomy, sympathetic nervous system, clinical anatomy, hyperhidrosis, surgical technique, anatomy-based surgical planning, complications, intraoperative neuromonitoring.