The Global and Regional Evolution and Development of Artificial Intelligence

By Prof (Dr) Ratnesh Dwivedi, Ex Vice ChancellorC Awarded Academic Journalist Intel & Def Against Terrorist Threats and Jihadist Radicalization at INISEG,Madrid,Spain NASA Proposal Reviwer & Principlal Investigator VP-501(c)3 US Army Veteran Organaization Bush Center Member Country Director for India at ESJ Paris Board Member with Nobel Laureates Russian Gov Fellow at Ural Federal University Reference: The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has begun to transform fundamental aspects of human life, with education emerging as a critical domain of innovation. Globally, AI is being integrated into education systems to personalize learning, enhance administrative efficiency, support decision-making, and reduce inequalities in access to quality education. As countries strive to align with the demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the deployment of AI in education is no longer a futuristic concept, but a practical imperative. This doctoral thesis investigates the global and regional trends in the integration of AI in education, with a specific focus on two strategically significant and culturally distinct countries: Russia and India. These nations offer compelling comparative case studies due to their shared ambitions of becoming knowledge economies, their vast and diverse populations, and their proactive policy initiatives in both digital transformation and AI deployment. While Russia emphasizes centralized technological development and research-led innovation, India exhibits a more decentralized and grassroots-oriented approach to edtech, driven by both public and private sectors. Globally, AI applications in education have shown promising developments in adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, predictive analytics, automated grading, and language processing tools. Countries such as the United States, China, and South Korea have already established frameworks and invested heavily in AI-driven educational ecosystems. In contrast, emerging economies are navigating the dual challenges of infrastructural limitations and the need for skilled human capital while attempting to leverage AI's transformative potential. In this context, the regional dynamics of AI adoption in education in Russia and India deserve critical scholarly attention. Russia has launched strategic initiatives like the “Digital Economy Program” and “Artificial Intelligence 2030” that outline specific goals for AI implementation across sectors, including education. Meanwhile, India’s “National Education Policy 2020” and programs like “AI for All” aim to democratize access to AI tools and build capacity among students and educators alike. This thesis explores the intersection of policy, technology, pedagogy, and socio-economic conditions in shaping AI’s role in the educational landscapes of Russia and India. Through a comparative lens, it aims to identify shared challenges, unique innovations, and prospective pathways for leveraging AI to improve learning outcomes, bridge digital divides, and prepare future-ready generations. By examining the global context, national strategies, institutional frameworks, and on-the-ground implementation efforts, this research contributes to the growing discourse on AI and educational transformation, offering policy-relevant insights and theoretical frameworks for effective AI integration in education systems in both developed and developing contexts.     Artificial Intelligence is game changer and ten years from now every sector will be governed and controlled by AI. In a country like India ‘Computer Revolution came in after 1985. At-least that’s what I thought but while watching an interview of legendary actress of India Rekha on BBC that was recorded in late 1970s in London I was amazed that She used the word “Computerized’ that was an alien word back then in India. Nowadays, artificial intelligence innovations affect more and more areas and not only technical ones. This is largely due to the development of computing facilities. Performance capabilities of modern gadgets and smartphones today are many times above the processing power of the giant supercomputers of the 80-90-s of the 20th century. Modern processors allow you to create artificial neuron networks, accumulate and process a large amount of data (Big Data), use the most complex mathematical and algorithmic methods and approaches. Today there are tremendous opportunities not only for theoretical research but also for the practical implementation of artificial intelligence systems in various spheres of human activity. Artificial intelligence technology entails a huge scope of activity, a vast field of knowledge. Since artificial intelligence is an interdisciplinary area of research, one needs knowledge in various fields, including new ones, to use it efficiently and more often as well as to participate in its development. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to systems of technological and software solutions that, according to modern experts, are similar or superior to the result of human intellectual activity. As a result, some experimental problems are being solved - such as based on big data -when the researchers use speech recognition systems or voice synthesis, natural language processing, computer vision, and other technologies. I came directly in touch of studies and Researches of AI when back in 2021-22 I was researching for my four volume books series ‘Digital Security in Corporate World’ that is available on Amazon.com. Companies like Facebook (Now Meta) are using the AI from as early as in 2005 for photo detection and identifying fake images or image location.Now what we see in advancement in field of AI is tail end of beginning phase of AI and it will still take 10-15 years for AI to fully occupy every sector. In one of my Research Papers that I presented at Tomsk National Research University back in 2015-16 on ‘Higher Education in India-The Glory of Past,The Challenges for Today and Road for Tomorrow’,though, I advocated about traditional and ancient Education system of India but also supported technological advancements in field of Education in India. Russia too is a latecomer when it comes to Using AI in Education but soon it will be a front-runner like India. In this thesis the Scholar has discussd Global and Regional Trends in field of AI, the Studies and Researches in filed of AI and how it’s taking shape in Russia and India and it’s impact of Russian and Indian Education system. AI in education is driving changes like personalized teaching, multi-lingual and differential learning, and real-time assessments.By taking up administrative tasks, Indian edtech companies are using AI to help teachers focus more on high-value activities such as lesson planning, personalized curriculum and reading material suggestions. Edtech players continue to bridge learning gaps with the help of AI teaching tools such as regional languages and differences in the learning capability spectrum. The government of India is committed to building the future of education by harnessing the capabilities of AI at the school, college and university levels. The government of India’s education vision for Viksit Bharat 2047 is to create an inclusive, high-quality education system for skill development and life abilities. India has 1.5 million schools, more than 8.5 million primary and secondary teachers and more than 260 million enrolments into the school system every year. In the higher education space, more than 40 million students enrol in more than 1000 universities and 42000 colleges annually.  However, the Indian education system is characterized by fixed curriculums, archaic education delivery models and static testing concepts. This has caused a gaping chasm between education and contemporary work skills. The advent of AI, however, has changed things. It is helping the system move away from standardized to personalized, making it relevant and effective for the present.   AI has taken seriously long strides to alter every aspect of the system– from curriculum to test delivery. In the race for skilling for Viksit Bharat 2047, these step changes are causing a paradigm shift and helping Indian education come at par with global systems. We look at some of the biggest shifts.   Even if AI development becomes Russia’s highest priority, Moscow has no chance of catching up with Washington and Beijing in this field. Under favorable conditions, however, Russia is quite capable of becoming a serious player and even a local leader in certain areas. Russia’s leaders have been paying close attention to artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for several years now. President Vladimir Putin has said on numerous occasions that the leader in the field of AI would become “the master of the world.” Until recently, however, Russia remained virtually the only large country without its own AI development strategy.   That changed in October 2019, when the country adopted a long-discussed National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence Through 2030. One of the driving forces behind the strategy was Sberbank president German Gref. The state-owned bank has also developed a road map for developing AI in Russia and coordinated the creation of Russia’s AI development strategy, which is largely corporate, involving the internet giants Yandex and Mail.ru Group, along with Gazprom Neft energy company.