Creation of the Universe and Cosmos, including elementary particles, unification of fundamental forces, matter–antimatter formation, and the limits of the infinite cosmos.

Vaggelis Talios Engineer, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), E/M Projects Designer and Contractor Engineer, Author and Independent Researcher He was born in Drama (Greece), in 1937, but grew up in his father's hometown, Agiasos, Mitilini island (Greece). Studied at the Naval Cadet Academy and served as a career officer in the Navy. He left Navy quite early with the rank of lieutenant. In parallel, he studied Mechanical and Electrical Engineering at the National Technological University of Athens (NTUA) and worked as a designer and contractor Engineer in this field. His professional activity was quite intense, but his love for sciences made him dedicate many hours to the study of subjects relevant to the creation of the Universe. His research area is the Creation of the Universe (and the Cosmos), from elementary particles to infinity. He published many books and about 30 papers. The book, “From elementary particles to the limits of the infinite Cosmos”, alone deserves many prizes. Some of his papers deserve also a prize. The “Theory of the Chain Reaction” that describe in the book “From Elementary Particles to the Limits of the Infinite Cosmos” and the “Unification of the Fundamental Forces and Physical Theories” that described in the book “A Modern Theory of Everything”, is the main result of his effort. He aspires to complete these two theories with a new theory, of the "Creation of Matter and Antimatter" which he will describe in the book “The First Second”.  Reference: A New Model for the Subatomic Particles the Fundamental Interactions and the Solution to the Millennium Problem of the Yang-Mills “Mass Gap” With the discovery of the atoms by Einstein (1905), and the proof that atoms have subdivisions, Rutherford (1911), that is, they consist of other smaller particles, the formation of the Quantum theory, the theory of the particles found within the atom began. Initially, it was discovered that each atom consists of a nucleus, which is also the solid part of the atom, which is composed of protons (particles with a positive electromagnetic charge) and electrons (particles with a negative electromagnetic charge) around which other electrons rotate. Then it was discovered that the assumption that atoms consist of a nucleus of protons and electrons, around which other electrons revolve, was not correct but it was discovered that the nucleus consists of protons and uncharged particles (not electrons), which the Quantum theory called neutrons, James Chadwick (1932). With the progress of the research, it was discovered that the protons and neutrons, of which the nucleus consists, also have subdivisions, the particles, up and down quarks, Murray Gell-Man (1970). With the discovery of the up and down quarks, which together with the electron were considered to be the elementary particles, that is, the smallest subdivisions of matter, the foundation of the Standard Model theory began, that is, the theory for the investigation of elementary particles and antiparticles, as a branch of the Quantum theory. The Standard Model theory was completed with the discovery of the Higgs particle (2012), a particle that is not an elementary particle but has the property of contributing to the creation of the mass of the remaining elementary particles and antiparticles. The calculations and the various elements of subatomic and elementary particles in the Quantum theory and the Standard Model are based on the Yang-Mills equations formulated in the 1970s and are based on the assumption that the same laws apply to subatomic and elementary particles in the microcosm 1 .as they do in the macrocosm. The successful use of YangMills theory to describe the interactions of elementary particles has relied on a subtle quantum mechanical property called the Yang-Mills “mass gap” 2 . Experiments and computer simulations suggest the existence of this “mass gap” in the solution of the Yang-Mills equations, but no theoretical proof of this property is known. The property has only been discovered by physicists in experiments and confirmed in computer simulations, but it has not yet been understood theoretically. Theoretical physicists believe that the explaining of the property of the In the Chain Reaction theory, divide the Universe into three parts: a) the microcosm, that is, the world that is within the atom, b) the macrocosm, that is, the world after the atom and up to the ends of the Universe, and c) the world of infinity, that is, the world that is beyond the boundaries of the Universe. 2 .As we will see in the third section, the Yang-Mills “mass gap” is the difference between the mass of absolute vacuum, which is considered zero, and the mass of the lightest particles predicted by the Standard Model theory. Yang-Mills “mass gap” will require the introduction of new fundamental ideas, both in physics and mathematics. In fact, to stimulate scientists’ interest in solving the Yang-Mills “mass gap” problem, the problem was included as one of the seven unsolved problems of the Millennium Prizes, announced by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which offers a prize of one million dollars for the solution of each problem. With the progress of science, it was found that while Quantum theory is based on very strong and correct scientific foundations, the Standard Model theory, in addition, have to clarify the case of the Yang-Mills “mass gap”, before its establishment, and many other weak points, such as, whether the electron and the up and down quarks are indeed elementary particles, whether quarks move or not inside the nucleus of the atom, whether bosons actually exist, what about the fundamental interactions, whether the Higgs mechanism for the origin of the mass of the elementary particles is the correct mechanism, etc. [5], [6] and [7]. However, regardless of the clarification of the above points of the Standard Model theory, in the section 5, I propose a New Model for describing elementary particles and fundamental interactions to replace the Standard Model. The New Model I propose clarifies all the unanswered questions of the Standard Model, includes the interaction of gravity3 and, at the same time solves the problem of the Yang-Mills “mass gap”.