Assistant Professor, MD Medicine, Fellowship Diabetology (AIIMS), India

From Zoonosis to Global Threat: The Changing Epidemiology of Monkeypox                                Monkeypox, recently re-designated as mpox by the World Health Organization, is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. Historically endemic to Central and West Africa, mpox has emerged as a global public health concern following multi-country outbreaks, most notably the 2022–2023 Mpox Outbreak. Transmission occurs through close contact with infected individuals, contaminated materials, or animal reservoirs, with human-to-human spread facilitated by skin lesions, respiratory droplets, and fomites.

Clinically, mpox presents with a prodromal phase characterized by fever, lymphadenopathy, and malaise, followed by a centrifugal vesiculopustular rash. Although generally self-limiting, severe disease can occur in immunocompromised individuals, children, and pregnant women. Recent outbreaks have demonstrated atypical presentations, including localized genital lesions and milder systemic symptoms, complicating early diagnosis.

Diagnosis is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of lesion samples. Management remains largely supportive, though antiviral agents such as Tecovirimat have shown efficacy in severe cases. Preventive strategies include surveillance, contact tracing, isolation, and vaccination using smallpox vaccines like Modified Vaccinia Ankara.

In conclusion, the evolving epidemiology and clinical spectrum of mpox underscore the need for heightened awareness, rapid diagnostic capabilities, and robust public health interventions to mitigate its spread and impact.

Keywords: Monkeypox, Mpox, Orthopoxvirus, Zoonosis, Viral Outbreak, Tecovirimat